Herbs for My Horses...Their Uses




Herbs for My Horses…Their Uses



This is the second of a three part series on “Herbs for My Horses”. Prior to this posting, “Herbs for My Horses…The Gardens”, covers basic preparation and layout of the venture we deem the “Freedom Garden”. Taking the discussion to the next level, this blog conveys collection, preservation and recipes for some herb applications designed to offer possible advantageous effects on horses. Each process within this series of blogs is an undertaking; joining them creates a scrupulous mission dedicated to supplying your horse with natural, economical and Eco-friendly alternatives. Going “green" with horses is an endless journey of changeable roads covering much terrain. The trip continues to generate a lifestyle of learned experiences that are priceless feats.





Some Order on the Collection and Preservation of Herbs

The following “best-times” to gather plants are an average harvest timetable and depending upon the circumstances, your location and conditions may require a varied period for the collection process other than stated.

Generally, at the time when the plant reaches full maturity the usable parts are gathered. This harvest is mostly in the spring and summer months. The best time of day is during the early morning, after the passing of dew. The plant needs to be in good health; no signs of mold, discolor or disease. Take your time when collecting or preserving herbs; or you could jeopardize the plant's much-valued properties. Drying herbs correctly is a slow and gentle process. Once dried, store herbs appropriately; take necessary precautions concerning pest. If dried correctly, herbs remain usable for two years. Form the habit of always labeling the container with contents and date!



Flowers:
Whether a flower is required “fresh” or “dried” for herbal applications, it is at its finest stage when the petals are just beginning to unfold.












Leaves:
Leaves are also best collected in the early stage of unfurling. Only “fresh” leaves should be used before they become yellow or faded.

Some options to dry and prepare leaves and flowers:
  • Keep out of direct sunlight during the drying process.
  • Hang in bunches in a cool, dry place with good airflow.
  • Place on wire netting (old screen windows work great) directly on dry ground with large squares of muslin held in place with stones over them.
  • Dry between newspaper sheets – do not press.
  • Store dried herbs loosely in tightly tied cotton bags, or torn into small pieces and placed in dark-colored glass jars with lids.



Seeds:
The peak time to pick seeds is in autumn after the seeds have dried on the plant and before it has shed its leaves.


Some options to dry and prepare seeds:
  • Seeds require some length of time to dry out and the same applies to fruits of certain vegetation.
  • Dry between newspaper sheets – do not press.
  • Seeds and Fruits can be sun-dried or dried slowly in a low-heat oven with door slightly ajar.
  • Slice larger fruits while still fresh before drying.




Barks:
Typically, gathered in autumn.













Roots:
When preserving roots, gather them either in spring before the sap rises or after leaves fall in autumn.









  • Barks and Roots require a long and careful drying process. Remove all dirt and debris before drying with a careful washing, then dry out before storing in wooden boxes, sacks or tightly tied cotton bags.




Herbal Recipes and Remedies for Horses

Thus far, discussion has been on the design to grow herbs, their yield and some collection and preservation methods. Once mature and gathered, herbs can be prepared in functional applications for remedial purposes to provide far reaching therapeutic values for horses, both internally and externally. Many different parts of the plant make up these herbal preparations; seeds, flowers, roots, leaves and barks, or in a few instances the whole plant.



Applications made from Plants for Supportive Therapies:
  • Infusions
  • Decoctions
  • Liniments
  • Tinctures
  • Poultices and compresses
  • Salves and ointments
  • Essential oils
  • Flower essences


Description of Applications with a Few Recipes:

INFUSION
(Brew)
The product derived from steeping plants with a desired property in water, edible oil or vinegar. Infusions are achieved by pouring the liquid, at appropriate temperatures, over the plant or parts of the plant. The most commonly used infusion is tea.

Note: Remedy may call for straining the herbs and the discarding of them before using or storing. Store brew in a dark-colored jar with a paper lid secured by a rubber band. Since water based preparations ferment fast, a fully airtight lid will speed this process. Fresh daily brews are preferable, but they will keep in refrigerator 2 – 3 days.

1)
Leaf or Flower Brew
Shred herb finely with scissors before use. A basic preparation is to place shredded herbs in an enamel pan with the required cold-liquid amount added and cover with lid. Heat over low-heat just until boiling, immediately remove from heat source and allow steeping for a minimum of 3 hours, 6 hours is better.

2)
Seed Brew
To prepare a brew with seeds first requires a 24-hour soaking of the seeds to crack open the casings. Place the seeds in an enamel pan with the required cold-liquid amount added and cover with lid. Heat over low-heat just until boiling, immediately remove from heat source and allow steeping for a minimum of 3 hours, 6 hours is better.

3)
Root or Bark Brew
Grate bark or slice roots finely before making brew. A brew using roots or barks is prepared following the directions above except simmering at a heat just before boiling. This process requires at least one hour. Remove from heat keeping covered, steep from 3 – 6 hours. Fresh daily brews are preferable, but will keep in refrigerator 3 – 4 days.

4)
Infusion #2 (a variation to basic “brew” recipes above):
To prepare an infusion, ready liquid for use, bring water/vinegar to a boil and for oil, bring to a temperature around 325 F; keep oil well below smoke point. Place herbs in an enamel saucepan with a lid and pour hot liquid over the herbs. Cover the container and allow the herbs to steep for 15 minutes. Allow to cool, strain the mixture into a heat resistant container, cover with lid. See storage instructions above. Depending on the liquid used, safe storage time may vary from recipe to recipe. In addition, depending on the required potency, steep time and the quantities of herb/liquid will vary.




DECOCTION


Slightly differs from an infusion. A method of extracting the fluids from the plant or parts of the plant by boiling in water or other chemical substances for 8–10 minutes, then straining the residue. The liquid is now a decoction. For ingestion, stir in honey or an aromatic herb to improve the taste. Add honey when fluid is tepid, not hot. One part aromatic herb to three parts medicinal herb is usually sufficient.




Decoction 2 (a variation to basic recipe above):
Place the herbs in boiling water and then reduce heat until the water is gently simmering. Simmer for about 15 minutes, then strain.

The use of all herbal medicines, raw or freshly brewed is best, but there are those applications and situations where the preservation of the herb is necessary; the following information provided came from a 300-year old recipe printed in the journal "Health from Herbs".

Prepare infusions and decoctions in the usually way and before cooling, strain through a metal sieve; then strain them through muslin. Using a clean bottle with a small neck (not to exceed 1 ¼” across), pour in liquid just to run out top, eliminating froth; once froth free, pour some liquid out leaving about half an inch down the bottleneck empty. Melt lard or white wax (paraffin) and pour gently into bottleneck over top of liquid. This will float to top sealing the liquid below from air. With a piece of parchment, mutton or beef skin, pull it over top of bottleneck and tie down with string. Do not use cork to seal. After the lard or wax is set, store in a dark, cold area. This should keep indefinitely.

General Proportion Suggestion:
a heaped handful of leaf, flower, seed, root or bark brewed in one-pint liquid

General Dosage Suggestions:
  • internally - a quart of herbal brew given daily, in pint doses morning and night (can sweeten with molasses or honey - add honey/molasses when fluid is tepid, not hot.): applies to external applications as well
  • most edible, safe herbs can be fed freshly gathered and raw, in handfuls, or finely cut and mixed with a mash of bran and molasses
  • usually prescribed for several weeks and for longer periods in deep-seated aliments


PILLS
Gather the required herbs and cut very finely or when using dried herbs it must be in powder form. Mix with thick honey and wheaten flour; better yet use slippery elm bark, which holds the herbs more firmly than wheaten flour. Roll mixture into balls.

The following recipe is an edible delight (herbal pill) for horses to entice ingestion of those not so appealing supplements or medicines.

Edible Herbal Do Ups:
1/2 cup powdered or finely crushed herb (preferable powdered)
1/4 cup powdered Slippery Elm Bark (a binding agent holding the mixture together)
1/4 cup pure honey or cane molasses

In a medium size bowl, mix the first two ingredients together and then add honey or molasses. Mix with your fingers or in a food processor and then kneed into dough. Divide dough into 16 pieces evenly and roll into balls. Dust balls with a little bit of Slippery Elm powder to coat.

One ball equals a 1/2 Tablespoon dose
NOTE: use thick pure honey or blackstrap molasses for best results




LINIMENT


Liniments typically used to relieve pain and stiffness, from sore muscles or from arthritis. They are a topical solution applied to the skin and of similar thickness to lotions, but significantly thinner than an ointment or cream. Balm is another name used for this type of preparation. Unlike other herbal preparations, a liniment requires friction when applied; meaning always rubbed into the skin. Used diluted or take precautions if using at full-strength. Blistering of the skin can occur, if the liniment is too strong. Remember, what we put on our skin and our horse’s skin is absorbed into the bloodstream. With that said, when applying a topical solution consider wearing gloves to prevent the solution from being absorbed into your bloodstream as well.


General Preparation:
Materials:
A clean colored (amber, green, blue or brown) glass jar with lid – 4oz size
A cup of chopped fresh herbs or ¼ cup of dried herbs
1/2 pint of grain alcohol ( such as Everclear - a grain spirit that is available at concentrations of 75.5% alcohol (151 proof) and 95% alcohol (190 proof).
Note: Hard liquors such as rum and vodka typically contain only 40%–60% alcohol (80–120 proof).
1/2 pint of distilled water

Place the herb into the jar, fill with equal parts grain alcohol, and distilled water. Close lid tightly and label the jar with the ingredients and the date. Store the container in a cool, dry, dark place. Every 2 days, shake the jar vigorously. After four to six weeks, strain the mixture above a bowl catching the liquid. Wrap the herbs in a towel or pillowcase and squeeze as much liquid as possible from herbs, catching this fluid in the same bowl as the strained liquid. This strained liquid is your finished liniment.

Applications:
Usual preparation is to add liniment directly into a bucket of warm water then sponge it on the horse. A popular procedure is to apply liniment to horses, with elevated body temperatures, after a workout in hot weather to help cool them. The alcohols quickly evaporate leaving the oils that cause the capillaries in the skin to dilate and increase the cooling process. Another option is to apply liniments to the legs as a brace, and then wrap over it.

NOTE: Do not apply liniments to sensitive areas such as the head, genitals or groin of the horse, or if the horse was recently clipped.

More information on liniments visit blog ...Horse Bathing.


Topical Applications made from Plants for Supportive Therapies:
  • Cream – Blending oil and water in approximately equal proportions.
  • Ointment – Combining a mixture of oil (80%) and water (20%); forming an effective barrier against moisture loss.
  • Gel – Born from a three-dimensional cross-linked network within certain liquids; a solid, jelly-like material, exhibiting no flow, formulating an easily dissolvable substance when applied to the skin.
  • Paste – An ointment in which a powder is added and balanced from mixing three agents being oil, water, and powder.
  • Powder – A substance composed of very fine particles not bonded together.





Make Your Own Ointment

Oil is the base for ointments. Choose saturated oils that are stable to heat such as Coconut, Sunflower, Almond or Olive oil. Infused into the oil are ingredients such as herbs, tinctures or fragrant oils. Then, these oils need a process to "set" giving the ointment its consistency. This “setting” procedure uses beeswax, emulsifying wax or paraffin.



Materials:
oil base of choice
enamel/stainless steel saucepan
double boiler
herbs of choice
colander
muslin cloth
glass jars
beeswax, emulsifying wax or paraffin

Two options to infuse herbs into selected oil:
Option #1)
Lightly simmer the oil in a saucepan, over med-low heat. Stir in herbs and heat through making sure all the moisture is out of the herbs. Strain the mixture over a muslin cloth into a glass jar. Discard the herbs. The infused oil is now ready to add to the beeswax, emulsifying wax or paraffin.

Option #2)
Infuse the herbs into the oil by adding them into a glass jar, seal and place on a windowsill. After two weeks, strain the mixture over a muslin cloth into another glass jar. Discard herbs and add more herbs into strained oil in jar; seal, leaving again in windowsill for another two weeks. Repeat the straining process. The infused oil is now ready to add to the beeswax, emulsifying wax or paraffin.

To “Set” the oil:
Melt wax using a double boiler. Add the infused oil to the melted wax and stir well. Pour into glass jars and allow “setting”. The ointment needs to have a consistency that spreads easily on the skin.

Tip:
Adding Vitamin E oil to the ointment helps preserve it.


1)
Calendula and Lavender Ointment
1oz of fresh calendula and lavender flowers
12oz of water
2oz of emulsifying ointment
.75oz of glycerin
four drops of tincture of benzoin

Make a strong infusion with approximately 1 ounce of fresh calendula and lavender flowers with approximately 12 ounces of water. Cool then strain. Discard herbs.

Place emulsifying ointment and glycerin in a double boiler over medium heat; stir until melted. Remove from heat; add 5 ounces of the calendula and lavender infusion with four drops of tincture of benzoin, stir until cool and substance reaches the texture of cream. Pour into a glass jar and let it “set”. Cover.

An easy enhanced ointment #1:
Sorbelene cream or Aveeno
add a tincture of the desired herb and mix well

An easy enhanced ointment #2:
Mix dried Wormwood with cream or hot oil, cool; apply externally to areas alleviating deterring skin pests. Visit blogs...Pest Control and Pest Control B for more information on plants that help control pesky pest.
Caution when applying ointments to horses skin; rubbing too much can cause hair loss and skin blisters. Patch test first.

Correct storage of the infused oil will further extend its life:
  • Store out of the light preferably in an amber glass or a tin container
  • Store well capped and in a near full container to reduce the oxygen available
  • Store in a cool place, preferably a refrigerator





TINCTURE


A process also known as maceration, which combines raw, dried or preserved plants, fruits or vegetables, softens or breaks them into pieces, and then soaks them in liquid to soften and absorb the beneficial ingredients of the extract.





General Preparation:
Materials:
A clean, colored (amber, green, blue or brown) glass jar with lid – 4oz size
A cup of chopped fresh herbs or ¼ cup of dried herbs
1 pint of vodka (use 40% alcohol (80-85 proof), DO NOT use 100 proof vodka)
1 pint distilled water or
Substitute vodka and distilled water with 1 quart alcohol (a cheap surgical spirit is fine) or 1 quart vinegar.

Place the herb into the jar, fill with equal parts grain alcohol, and distilled water. Close lid tightly and label the jar with the ingredients and the date. Store the container in a cool, dry, dark place. Every 2 days, shake the jar vigorously. After four to six weeks, strain the mixture above a bowl catching the liquid. Wrap the herbs in a towel or pillowcase and squeeze as much liquid as possible from herbs, catching this fluid in the same bowl as the strained liquid. This strained liquid is your finished tincture.

Storing:
  • Tinctures made from at least 25% alcohol can be stored indefinitely.
  • Store in 4oz dark colored (amber, green, blue or brown) tightly sealed glass jar.
  • Keep stored tincture in a dark place. Tinctures are for external use only.

1)
Witch Hazel Tincture:
Scrape off the bark from a few dormant winter branches, and then soak in twice its weight of dilute grain (ethyl) alcohol (containing 50 percent distilled water) for about two weeks. Isopropyl or rubbing alcohol will work too but label the bottle "for external use only." Shake or stir the tincture once or twice daily. Strain mixture, pour into a bottle and store in a cool dark place. Before use, dilute this tincture with at least two parts distilled water; undiluted, this tincture may be too harsh for sensitive skin. Apply this tincture to relieve the itching and oozing of poison ivy rash.

Tinctures are sometimes the base for compresses and poultices.



COMPRESS
A compress is a cloth made of non-woven textile fabricated from air laid fibers (cotton linen, no synthetic fabrics or wool) containing super absorbent material. Usually soaked in an herbal decoction, infusion or tincture applied to painful areas or wounds, thus providing the area a moist/clean environment relieving inflammation and encouraging the healing process. A compress can be any temperature (cold, lukewarm, or hot) and it can be dry or wet; applied under pressure and held in place for a period. This is one of the most important methods of applying herbs to the body.

Possible Herb Compress Uses:
  • comfrey for sports type injuries
  • plantain for insect bites and bee stings
  • St. John's Wort and rosemary for pain relief
  • chamomile for cramp relief
  • mallow for bruises and inflammations
  • nasturtium for abscesses
  • castor oil for falling hair
  • yarrow for wound healing

1)
Yarrow Compress Preparation:
Make an infusion of yarrow by pouring a cup of boiling water over three teaspoonfuls of herb; allow steeping for 15 minutes, applying to affected area when tepid.



POULTICE
Also known as, a cataplasm, a poultice is a soft moist mass, often heated and medicated, spread on cloth (cotton, linen, no synthetic fabrics or wool) over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body. Placed under a bandage and remaining in place for a period, the poultice relieves the afflicted site. A poultice aids in treating abscess wounds, where a build-up of pus needs to be drawn. Poultice can also be used on the lower legs of a horse in treating the easily injured tendons of that area or as a precautionary measure to prevent heat and filling after the horse has exerted. A heated poultice placed on the affected area encourages extra circulation.
Note: Never reuse a poultice. Always administer a fresh, new one.

1)
General Poultice Preparation:
one-cup herb
a heat tolerant bowl
one-cup boiling water

Place a cup of the chosen herb in a heat tolerant bowl; pour the boiling water over the herbs. Allow mixture to steep until the herbs have cooled enough for skin tolerance. Place a clean cotton cloth over the affected area, strain the herbs and place the warm/semi hot herbs on top of the cloth; cover with another piece of cotton cloth. Keep the poultice in place until the herbs have cooled completely. Discard the herbs and wash the poultice cloths before reusing. The usual application is three to four times a day for best results.

More information on poultices, visit blog ..."Horse Grooming - Behaviors"

2)
Linseed Poultice:
heat resistant bowl
two pints boiling water
¼ lb linseed
½ oz olive oil
warm linen

Warm the bowl by gentle pouring one-pint boiling water into it; discard water. Pour remaining one-pint boiling water into bowl. Using one hand, sprinkle slowly the linseed into the water. With the other hand, using a strong spoon, stirring quickly and strongly until made into a smooth dough. When fully mixed, stir in olive oil. Quickly spread the mixture on to a square of warm linen; fold ends over then apply poultice to area requiring treatment. Note: Apply mixture warm – never hot to scald the skin.

3)
Herbal Poultice Bandage:
powdered slippery elm bark
boiling herbal brew – choose herb for the ailment being treated

Leave the finely cut herb in the brew – do not strain. Sprinkle the powered slippery elm bark into a small bowlful of the boiling water/herb mix; stir until a thin paste forms. Spread warm paste on a linen or cotton bandage and apply over the wound or area to be treated.

4)
Cold Poultice Bandage of Fresh Leaves:
Wash the chosen herb for the ailment being treated, in cold water. Place a long piece of cotton wool cloth in cold water; soak well. Place cold, wet herbs against treatment area and cover with wet-soaked cotton wool cloth. Bind firmly in place with cotton cloth strips – do not tie tightly. Repeat 4 times a day with new leaves (herbs) for each application. Leave unbandaged overnight. A preferred method in treating wounds and sores; leaves heat up thus drawing impurities out and removal of this application is painless and leaving scab intact.




HERBAL BATHS


An herbal bath is a water based infusion or decoction designed to treat the skin or to deliver the herbs’ properties through skin absorption. They have great soothing affects and can benefit when weather, time or whatever does not permit a complete traditional bath. They are for external administration only. For ease of use, make a gallon at a time (recipes can be prepared in advance). Store the herbal bath in a sealed container in the refrigerator until next use.
Note: Remove from refrigerator and allow herbal bath to reach room temperature before using.

More information on bathing visit blog...Horse Bathing.

For the following two recipes:
When using fresh herbs use 3 tablespoons fresh herbs per cup of water or
3 cups of fresh herbs per gallon of water
When using dry herbs use 1 tablespoon dried herbs per cup of water or
1 cup of dried herb per gallon of water

1)
Wound Sluice
Materials:
16qt pot
1-gallon jar with lid
colander

Ingredients:
Calendula (calendula officinale)
Chamomile (matricaria recutita)
Comfrey (symphytum officinale)
1-gallon water

Boil water and remove from heat. Add herbs, stir just until combined then pour into a glass jar; tightly seal. Let sit 15-20 minutes, remove lid and strain off herbs. Discard herbs. Use generously on wound area as a wash or rinse.


2)
Trauma Tea
Materials:
16 qt pot
1-gallon jar with lid
colander

Ingredients:
Arnica (arnica montana) (do not use on open wounds or broken skin)
Calendula (calendula officinale)
Mint (mentha piperita)
Rue (ruta graveolens)
St. John's Wort (hypericum perforatum)
1-gallon water

Boil water and remove from heat. Add herbs, stir just until combined then pour into a glass jar; tightly seal. Let sit 15-20 minutes, remove lid and strain off herbs. Discard herbs. Use generously all over the body. Great comfort on areas of muscle soreness or tension.


3)
Oat Wash
Materials:
blender
clean old cotton sock
4qt plastic bucket

Ingredients:
2 cups of rolled oats (not quick oats)
2 quarts of hot water
5 drops of lavender oil*

In blender, add oats and break up into small bits. Pour ground oats into thin cotton sock and tie off sock. Put oat-filled sock into bucket of hot water to infuse. Wring out the oat-filled sock a few times and return to bucket. Allow the water to cool down reaching a temperature suitable for horses. If desired, add the lavender oil to the water and mix well. Continue stirring well throughout the application to prevent the oil separating and floating. Apply warm oat infused water to the irritated skin, using the oat-filled sock. Permit to dry naturally; do not use towels or blowers. This wash is terrific for irritated skin areas.

*Optional ingredient –
Adding essential oils to the wash can have added benefits, but exercise caution when using citrus oils, keep the horse out of the sun for the following 48 hours after the wash to prevent blistering. A horse blanket will block the suns rays if the oil-applied section is under the blanket’s covering area. Essential oils are for external use only; and skin irritation may still occur. Applying a few drops of oil around the barn is an application used to experience the herb through scent. The application of oils requires knowledge and techniques. Great resources are available in many ways: books, herbal stores and internet.



BASIC ESSENTIAL OILS
  • Basil – when tired or weak restores mental alertness
  • Bergamot – alleviates anxiety
  • Chamomile – soothing, restful, relaxing
  • Cypress – comfort effect
  • Frankincense – eases issues of great fright
  • Juniper – seeking peace and clarity
  • Lavender – calming, gentle, kindly
  • Lemongrass – consider, memorize
  • Marjoram – calming and soothing effect on sore and tired muscles
  • Melaleuca Alternifolia also known as Tea Tree Oil – used in a body wash to cleanse and condition the skin for insect bites, minor cuts, or fungi
  • Patchouli – attention, focus
  • Sweet Orange – warmth and contentment
  • Vetiver – reassuring, feeling, grounding ones emotion
Note: Create a combination of essential oils to form your own recipe. Select oils appropriate for the intended purpose of the spritzer. In addition, the amount of essential oil used depends on the purpose of the spray.A general outline is indicated below:

To 4 ounces of distilled water, add:
8 to 10 drops for the face
30 to 40 drops for an all over body spray
80 to 100 drops for a room spray/air freshener

    Calming Spray Recipe:
    128 oz distilled water
    80 drops lavender oil*
    16 tsp alcohol**

    Mix ingredients in a spray bottle; label and mist in air throughout the barn.

    * Chamomile oil can be used instead of lavender oil
    ** Rubbing alcohol is optional, but it will help to combine the water and oil



    FLOWER / HERB ESSENCES


    Essences are made by dissolving one to two ounces of the essential oil extracted from the flower/herb in one-quart alcohol: surgical grade spirit or vinegar can be used. Storing essences in a dark place, in a dark-colored tightly sealed jar is appropriate.
    NOTE:     Essences are for external use only.






    Tips from the Trail:


    Some Variables to Consider before Administering Herbs to Equines:
    • Activity Levels
    • Age
    • Breed
    • Body Mass
    • Gender
    • Natural Behavior
    • Pregnant or Lactating mares – Requires special considerations before administering anything.
    • Pasture/Upkeep
    • Physical Illness or Injury
    • No two horses are the same.
    • A trained equine professional should determine the appropriate herb and dosage for the horse.
    • Most herbal remedies include several herbs because all herbal traditions believe in the synergy of plants. However, too much of a good thing is not necessarily good; there are limitations in herb mixing – so seek advice.
    • As with anything new and different, it is best to start out slowly using small amounts of the herb and increasing levels daily, usually by quarters until reaching the desired amount.
    • Monitor the horse for any changes in appearance or behavior. Physical progress may be subtle. Periodic photos during the process may be helpful in concluding the effectiveness of the herbs.
    • Re-evaluate the horse and re-dose or eliminate, if required.

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    GO GREEN TIPS:



    • Recycle dated herbs by scattering them around garden plants making a healthy mulch
    • Consider a "Green Grid Roofing System". Popular in Europe since the early 70s, these roofs are designed to hold vegetation. They reduce storm water run off, contribute to a healthier environment and improve energy performance. Heating and cooling costs can be reduced 25 to 50%






    Any Go Green Ideas?




    He knows when you're happy
    He knows when you're comfortable
    He knows when you're confident
    And he always knows when you have carrots
    Author Unknown